郑和下西洋
4.0 |03月17日 |灿烂辉煌的航海传奇
简介:

  大明洪武年间,少年马和从云南被征入宫为太监,分到燕王府当随从。燕王朱棣胸有大志,在守边岁月中经受了磨炼,尤其结识高僧姚广孝后,更是开阔了胸襟。他与父皇朱元璋的海禁政策越来越不合拍。
  在跟随朱棣守卫北平和边陲的日子里,马和逐步成长起来,其良好的素质,为以后的建功立业打下了基础。
  皇长孙朱允炆君临天下,为巩固皇权开始削藩,燕王朱棣首当其冲。为了生存,朱棣被迫装疯,饱受屈辱。郑和的结拜姐姐宋莲芯,也被奸臣所谋。朱棣在绝境中毅然率领八百壮士起兵,展开了争夺皇位的“靖难”之役。战争中,马和与姚广孝、张玉等人一样功勋卓著,尤其在郑村坝一役,他奋勇救朱棣于危难,从此更被燕王视为心腹。
  朱棣开元登基后,为洗清自己的“篡逆”之名,决心直追汉武唐宗,开创一代盛世。登基之初,他赐马和姓“郑”,随之,悄然改变朱元璋的禁海国策,任命35岁的郑和为统率大明宝船队下西洋的钦差总兵官。
  永乐三年(1405年)7月11日,郑和率二万七千八百余人,从南京、太仓一带至福建长乐太平港扬帆出海。庞大的大明船队,从此开始长达28年的海外宣扬国威和寻求贸易的远航。
  朱棣是大航海的决策者和组织者。从船队出海的第一天起,他就在陆地上指挥、控制和支持着这一伟大的航程。他下令在江浙、福建、广东、湖北一带造船,并在全国范围扩大瓷器、丝绸、茶叶等出口货物的生产。同时,借大航海之机实施永乐中兴,开始编纂《永乐大典》,疏浚大运河。他还与姚广孝微服私访,恢复生产,与民休息。徐皇后也励行节俭,并抱病亲身劝桑。从而,使国家迅速实现了复兴,为下西洋提供了源源不断的物质保障。
  郑和率船队第一次下西洋,恢复了明王朝对南洋诸岛的管辖,命名了景弘岛、永乐群岛等。此间,郑和船队的一项重要使命,就是打击大海盗陈祖义。此人在南洋地区多年为非作歹,无人治服,致使大明与南洋航道不通。郑和率船队与其斗智斗勇,终于为南洋各国除了一害。大明宝船队在访问了南洋和南亚的占城、爪哇、苏门答腊、锡兰、古里、旧港等国家和地区,所到之处,均推行和平外交,迅速发展了大明王朝在海外的影响,尤其和当时的马来西亚、新加坡、印度尼西亚、印度南部海域地区的人民,结成了无比亲密的关系。
  船队归来时,朱棣并没有被胜利所陶醉。他的目光不再是停留在“宣扬国威”或暗中寻找建文帝的下落,而是决心以更加开放的思路,支撑起一个前无古人的大航海事业。这样一来,从皇上到百姓的观念都已转变,使商品经济的萌芽加快发生了。
  那个时代,海上航行的实力,实际代表一个国家的综合国力,海船的鼎盛,又象征着国家的富强、技术的发达,文化的进步。随着郑和船队走向海外世界,这位君王不仅追求“四海宾服,万邦来朝”的目标,而且,一心想开辟唐宋以来出现的海上丝绸之路,将中华民族的文明成果,广泛传播到东南亚和亚非大陆。
  在此基础上,朱棣还开始了一系列更大的手笔。其中之一即决定将北平改为北京,下令大规模营建新的京城,包括今天的故宫,基本上还是明初打下的基础。
  朱棣让郑和在与西洋诸国交往的过程中,始终坚持以德服人,不恃强凌弱。经济上则厚往薄来,给予各国诸多好处,树立了泱泱大国的风范。在当时的世界上,大明船队很好的发挥了一个大国维护地区和平的作用。郑和在此期间,率领船队在马六甲和忽鲁谟斯等国建立了货栈,与阿拉伯人、波斯人、欧洲人广泛展开贸易。锡兰国篡位者亚烈苦奈儿背信弃义,想劫持大明船队,郑和出于无奈被迫还击,但他始终坚持“自古知兵非好战”的信条,以智慧和宽容,正义与威力,来化解两国之间的危机。
  徐皇后的病逝,使朱棣伤心欲绝。好在大明船队再次航海归来,特别是郑和将桀骜不逊的亚烈苦奈儿押来大明,听候皇上裁决其生死时,朱棣以中华文明来处置此案,最终感化了这个凶暴的国王。

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